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The importance of correct blood sampling for blood gas analysis
O’Connor T, Barry P, Jahinger A. Comparison of arterial and venous blood gases and the effects of analysis delay and air contamination on arterial samples in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy controls. Respiration 2010 E-pub Feb 2010 (ahead of print publication) available at:

Nurse-led intensive insulin therapy is safe and effective
O’Connor E, Tragen D, Fahey P et al. Improving blood glucose control during critical illness: A cohort study. J Crit Care 2010; 25: 78-83

Ion-selective electrode interference - a review
Dimescki G, Badrick T, St John A. Ion selective electrodes (ISEs) and interferences - a review. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411: 309-17

Infection - a downside of blood transfusion therapy
Rachoin J-S, Daher R, Schorr C et al. Vox Sanguinis 2009; 97: 294-302

Arterial blood gases made easy
Authors: Hennessey I, Jap A. Arterial blood gases made easy. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, 2007. ISBN-13:978-0-443-10414-5

The anion gap - a review article
Authors: Reddy P, Mooradian A. Clinical utility of the anion gap in deciphering acid-base disorders. Int J Clin Practice 2009; 63: 1516-25. Editorial authors: Jones B, Twomey P. The anion gap revisited. Int J Clin Practice 2009; 63: 1407-12

Pseudohyperkalemia
Authors: Sharrat C, Gilbert C, Cornes M, Ford C, Gama R. EDTA sample contamination is common and often undetected, putting patients at unnecessary risk of harm. Int J Clin Practice 2009; 63: 1259-62

Lactate monitoring of the critically ill
Authors: Jansen T, van Bommel J, Bakker J. Blood lactate monitoring in critically ill patients: A systematic health technology assessment. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2827-39.

Hyperglycemia in critical illness - should all patients be treated?
Authors: Falciglia M, Freyburg R, Almenoff P et al. Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 3001-09

Diabetic ketoacidosis - an unusual case history
Authors: Joseph F, Anderson L, Goenka N, Vora J. Starvation-induced true diabetic euglycemic ketoacidosis in severe depression. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24: 129-31

Reflections of a pioneer in blood gas analysis
Author: Severinghaus JW. Gadgeteeriing for health care. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 721-28.

Neonatal jaundice - detection and treatment thresholds
Authors: Keren R, Tremont K, Luan X, Cnaan A. Visual assessment of jaundice in term and late preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Neonatal Ed 2009; 94 F317-22. Authors: Rennie J, Sehgal A, De A, Kendall G, Cole T. Range of UK practice regarding thresholds for phototherapy and exchange transfusion in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Arch Dis Child Neonatal Ed 2009; 94 F323-27

Lactate and anion gap in sepsis
Authors: Berkman M, Ufberg J, Nathanson L, Shapiro N. Anion gap as a screening tool for elevated lactate in patients with increased risk of developing sepsis in the room. J of Emerg Med 2009; 36: 391-94.

Blood glucose and severe trauma
Authors: Kreutziger J, Wenzell V, Kurz A, Constantinescu M. Admission blood glucose is an independent predictive factor for hospital mortality in polytraumatised patients. Intensive Care Medicine 2009; 35: 1234-39.

Assessment of acid base status - the physiochemical approach
Author: Morgan TJ. The Stewart approach - one clinician’s perspective. Clin Biochem Rev 2009; 30: 41-54 Author: Maciel A, Park M. A physiochemical acid-base approach for managing diabetic ketoacidosis. Clinics 2009; 64: 714-18.

Risks associated with blood transfusion
Authors: Hendrickson J, Hilyer C. Noninfectious serious hazards of transfusion. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 759-69.
Author: Triulzi D. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: current concepts for the clinician. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 770-76.

Platelet count in trauma patients
Authors: Salim A Hadjizacharia P, DuBose J et al. What is the significance of thrombocytosis in patients with trauma? J. Trauma 2009; 66: 1349-54

Normalization of blood glucose does not necessarily benefit the critically ill
Study authors: The NICE-SUGAR Study investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. New Eng J Med 2009; 360: 1283-97.
Editorial authors: Inzucchi S, Siegel M. Glucose control in the ICU - how tight is too tight. New Eng J Med 2009; 360: 1346-49.

Hypernatremia acquired during critical illness
Authors: O’Donoghue S, Dulhunty J, Bendeshe H et al. Acquired hypernatraemia is an independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 514-20.

Is oxygen therapy for myocardial infarction beneficial
Authors: Wijesinghe M, Perrin K, Ranchord A et al. Routine use of oxygen in the treatment of myocardial infarction: systematic review. Heart 2009; 95: 198-202.

Correcting potassium concentration of hemolyzed samples
Authors: Jeffery J, Shara A, Ayling R. Detection of haemolysis and reporting of potassium results in samples from neonates. Ann Clin Biochem 2009 published online 4th March 2009, doi: 10.1258/acb.2009.008241.

Book Review: Arterial Blood Gas Analysis - an easy learning guide
Author: Foxall F. Arterial Blood Gas Analysis: an easy learning guide. M&K Update Ltd (2008).

Blood gases on Mount Everest
Author: Grocott M, Martin D, Levett D et al. Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest. New Eng J Med 2009; 360: 140-49.

pO₂ versus SpO₂ in premature neonates
Authors: Quine D, Stanson B. Arterial oxygen tension (pO2) values in infants <29 weeks of gestation at currently targeted saturations. Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal ed) 2009; 94: F51-F53.

Plasma sodium concentration in the critically ill
Authors: Stelfox HT, Ahmed SB, Khandwala F, Zygun D, Shahpori R, Laupland K. The epidemiology of intensive care unit acquired hyponatremia and hypernatremia in medical-surgical intensive care units. Critical Care 2008, 12: R162 doi:10.1186/cc7162. Available at www.ccforum.com (pdf).

Frequency of blood gas analysis among intensive care patients
Authors: Andrews T. Waterman H. What factors influence arterial blood gas sampling patterns? Nursing in Critical Care 2008; 13: 132-37.

EDTA contamination - a cause of spurious hyperkalemia that can go undetected
Authors: Cornes M, Ford C, Gama R. Spurious hyperkalaemia due to EDTA contamination: common and not always easy to identify. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45: 601-03.

Correcting metabolic acidosis - is it beneficial? Is it safe?
Authors: Aschner JL, Poland RL. Sodium bicarbonate: basically useless therapy. Pediatrics 2008; 122: 831-35.

A comprehensive review of neonatal jaundice
Author: Kirk JM. Neonatal jaundice: a critical review of the role and practice of bilirubin analysis. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45: 452-62.

Towards a more accurate assessment of pleural fluid pH
Authors: Rahman N, Mishra E, Davies H et al. Clinically important factors influencing the diagnostic measurement of pleural fluid pH and glucose. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 483-90

Reliability of point of care potassium measurement confirmed
Authors: Jose R, Preller J. Near patient testing of potassium levels using arterial blood gas analysers: can we trust these results? Emerg Med J 2008; 25: 510-13.

Permissive hypercapnia for neonates given a clean bill of health - almost
Authors: Hagen EW, Sadek-Badawi M, Carlton D, Palta M. Permissive Hypercapnia and Risk for Brain Injury and Developmental Impairment. Pediatrics 2008; 122: e583-89.

Limitation of pulse oximetry - a case report
Authors: Holbrook S, Quinn A. An unusual explanation of low oxygen saturation. Br J Anaesthesia 2008; 101: 350-53

Glucose measurement in the intensive care unit
Authors: Peterson J, Graves D, Tacker D, Okorodudu A. Mohammed A, Cardenas V. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 396: 10-13

Umbilical cord blood gases - a sampling effect
Wiberg N, Kallen K and Olofsson P. Delayed umbilical cord clamping at birth has effects on arterial and venous blood gases and lactate concentrations. BCOG 2008; 115: 697–03.

Orange juice overdose - a quirky case history of potentially fatal hyperkalemia
Javed RA, Marrero K et al. Life-threatening hyperkalemia developing following excessive ingestion of orange juice in a patient with baseline normal renal function. Singapore Med J 2007; 48(11): e293–e295

No improvement in neonatal death rate
Kamath BD, Box TL, Simpson M, Hernandez JA. Infants born at the threshold of viability in relation to neonatal mortality: Colorado, 1991 to 2003. J Perinatol 2008; 28: 354-60.

Glucose meters in the intensive care unit
Karon BS, Griesmann L, Scott R et al. Evaluation of the impact of hematocrit and other interference on the accuracy of hospital-based glucose meters. Diabetics Technology & Therapeutics 2008; 10: 111-20.

Accuracy of pulse oximetry affected by arterial pCO2
Munoz X, Torres F, Sampol G et al. Accuracy and reliability of pulse oximetry at different PaCO2 levels. Eur Respir Journal 2008; published online May 14th (ahead of print).

Accuracy of pulse oximetry affected by arterial pCO₂
Munoz X, Torres F, Sampol G et al. Accuracy and reliability of pulse oximetry at different PaCO2 levels. Eur Respir Journal 2008; published online May 14th (ahead of print).

Treatment of neonatal jaundice
Masiels MJ, McDonagh AF. Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice. New Eng J Med 2008; 358: 920-28.

Reduced pO₂ - an unusual case history
Mehta A, Lichtin A, Vigg A, Parambil J. Platelet larceny: spurious hypoxaemia due to extreme thrombocytosis. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 469-72.

On discharging patients from ICU - a new role for CRP?
Ho KW, Lee KY, Dobb GJ, Webb SAR. C-Reactive protein concentration as a predictor of in-hospital mortality after ICU discharge: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 481-87.

Fresh is best
Koch C, Li L, Sessler D, et al. Duration of red-cell storage and complications after cardiac surgery. New Eng J Med 2008; 358: 1229-39. Editorial: Adamson J. New Blood, Old Blood or no Blood. New Eng J Med 2008; 358: 1295-96.

Blood gas results in respiratory disease - a useful “rule of thumb”
Bailie JK. Simple, easily memorised “rules of thumb” for the rapid assessment of physiological compensation for respiratory acid-base disorders. Thorax 2008; 63: 289-90.

Acid-base balance - one for the novice, one for the expert
Edwards S. Pathophysiology of acid-base balance: the theory practice relationship. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing 2008; 24: 28-40 Morris CG, Low J. Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: Part 1. Classification and pathophysiology. Anaesthesia. 2008; 63: 294-01. Part 2 Causes and treatment. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 396-411.

Platelet transfusion in the critically ill
Authors: Salman SS, Fernandez Perez ER, Stubbs JR, Gajic O. The practice of platelet transfusion in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med. 2007; 22: 105-10.

Pathogenesis and treatment of hyponatremia
Author: Multz A. Vasopressin dysregulation and hyponatremia in hospitalized patients. J Intensive Care Med 2007; 22: 216-23

Lactate measurement
– point of care versus the laboratory
Authors: Karon BS, Scott R, Burritt MF, Santrach PJ. Comparison of lactate values between point of care and central laboratory Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 128: 168-71

Cord blood gas analysis - a review
Authors: Armstrong L, Stenson B. Use of umbilical cord blood gas analysis in the assessment of the newborn. Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed) 2007; 92: F430-34.

Cholesterol-lowering drug may benefit COPD patients
Authors: Alexeef SE, Litonjua AA, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Schwartz J. Statin use reduces decline in lung function. VA normative aging study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 742-47

Arterial catheter placement more difficult in women
Authors: Eisen LA, Minami T, Berger JS, Sekiguchi H, Mayo P, Narashinham M Gender disparity in failure rate for arterial catheter attempts. J Intensive Care 2007; 22: 166-72

Severe hyperbilirubinemia in the UK
Authors: Manning D, Todd P, Maxwell M, Platt MJ. Prospective surveillance study of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn in the UK and Ireland. Arch of Dis in Childhood (Fetal Neonatal Ed) 2007; 92: 342-46 Editorial author: Ives K. Preventing kernicterus: a wakeup call. Arch of Dis in Childhood (Fetal Neonatal Ed) 2007; 92: 330-31.

Methemoglobinemia - two case histories
Authors: Choi A, Sarang A. Drug-induced methemoglobinemia following elective coronary bypass grafting. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 737-40. Authors: Mullick P, Kumar A, Dayal M, Babbar S, Kumar A. Aniline-induced methemoglobinemia in a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficient patient. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2007; 35: 286-88

IV fluid induced hyponatremia
Authors: Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Hospital-acquired hyponatremia – why are hypotonic parenteral fluids still being used? Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology 2007; 3: 374-82.

Is venous blood a suitable alternative to arterial blood for blood gas analysis?
Authors: Malatesha G, Sigh N, Bharija A, Rehani B, Goel A. Comparison of arterial and venous pH, bicarbonate, pCO₂ and pO₂ in initial emergency department assessment. Emerg Med J 2007; 24: 569-71.

A study of error rates in laboratory medicine
Authors: Carraro P, Plebani M. Errors in stat laboratory: types and frequencies 10 years later. Clin Chem 207; 53: 1338-42.

The clinical benefit of point-of-care testing
Authors: Nichols JH, Christenson RH, Clarke W et al. Executive summary. The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Practice Guideline: Evidence-based practice for point of care testing. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 379: 14-28 Editorial: Ng V. Untitled Clin Chim Acta 2007; 379: 29-30

Hemoglobin and hematocrit are equivalent in trauma patients
Authors: Nijboer JM, van der Horst I, Hendricks HG et al. Myth or reality: Hematocrit and hemoglobin differ in trauma. J Trauma 2007; 62: 1310-12.

Direct ISE versus indirect ISE plasma sodium measurement in the critically ill
Authors: Story D, Morimatsu H, Egi M, Bellomo R. The effect of albumin concentration on plasma sodium and chloride measurements in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 893-97

A cautionary case history
Authors: Sinha S, Jayaram R, Hargreaves CG. Fatal neuroglycopaenia after accidental use of a glucose 5% solution in a peripheral arterial cannula flush system. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 615-20.

Validation of hemoglobin estimation using blood gas analyzer
Authors: Hinds LE, Brown CL, Clarke SJ. Point of care estimation of haemoglobin in neonates. Arch Dis Childhood (Fetal Neonatal Ed) published online February 14, 2007. Available at: fn.bmj.com/cgi/rapidpdf/adc.2006.107771v1

PO2 or pO₂ or PO2 or .....?
Authors: Negri M, Cascio CL. Use of lower case "p" or uppercase "P" to express Blood gas data: Does it make a difference? Clin Chem 2006; 52: 1614

Is arterialized capillary blood a suitable alternative to arterial blood for measurement of pH, pCO₂ and pO₂?
Authors: Zavorsky GS, Cao J, Mayo NE et al. Arterial versus capillary blood gases: a meta-analysis. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2007; 155: 268-79

Inadequate mixing – a potential preanalytical error revealed
Authors: Grenache DG, Parker C. Integrated and automatic mixing of whole blood: An evaluation of a novel blood gas analyzer. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 375: 153-57

Critical values for sodium estimation
Authors: Howanitz JH, Howanitz PJ. Evaluation of serum or whole blood sodium critical values. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127: 56-59

Temperature correction of blood gas results
Authors: Bisson J, Younker J. Correcting arterial blood gases for temperature: (when) is it clinically significant? Nursing in Critical Care 2006; 11: 232-38

Reduced blood pH causes bleeding
Authors: Engstrom M, Schott U, Romner B, Reinstrap P. Acidosis impairs the coagulation: a thromboelastographic study. J Trauma 2006; 61: 624-28

Investigation of hypoglycemia in an intensive care setting
Authors: Vriesendorp T, DeVries J, van Santen S et al. Evaluation of the short-term consequences of hypoglycemia in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 2714-18

Cord blood sampling for lactate must not be delayed
Authors: Armstrong L, Stenson B. Effect of delayed sampling on umbilical cord arterial and venous lactate & blood gases in clamped/unclamped vessels. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006; 91: F342-F345

Blood gas analyzers provide reliable bilirubin measurement
Authors: Borgard J-P, Szymanowicz A, Pellae I et al. Determination of total bilirubin in whole blood from neonates: results from a French multicenter study. Clin Chem and Lab Med 2006; 44: 1103-10

Oxygen saturation immediately after birth
Authors: Kamlin C, O’Donnell CP, Davis P et al. Oxygen saturation in healthy infants immediately after birth. J Pediatrics 2006; 148: 585-89. Authors: Rabi Y, Lee W, Chen S et al. Oxygen saturation trends immediately after birth. J Pediatrics 2006; 148: 590-94.

Neonatal hypoglycemia
Authors: Alkalay A, Flores-Sarnat L, Sarnat HB et al. Plasma glucose concentrations in profound neonatal hypoglycemia. Clinical Pediatrics 2006; 45: 550-58.

Measuring acid-base variables – is arterial blood essential?
Authors: Middleton P, Kelly A-M, Brown J et al. Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate. Emerg Med J 2006; 23: 622-24.

Blood glucose and survival following myocardial infarction
Authors: Kadri Z, Danchin N, Vaur L et al. Major impact of admission glycaemia on 30 day and one year mortality in non-diabetic patients admitted for myocardial infarction: results from the nationwide French USIC study. Heart 2006; 92: 910-15

Lungs, kidneys and acid-base
Author: Pierson D. Respiratory considerations in the patient with renal failure. Resp Care 2006; 51: 413-22

Laboratory test results predict death
Authors: Froom P, Shimoni Z. Prediction of hospital mortality rates by admission laboratory tests. Clin Chem 2006; 52: 325-28

Clinical consequences of severe hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Newman T, Lilijestrand P, Jeremy J et al. Outcomes among newborns with total serum bilirubin of 25 mg/dL or more. New Eng J Med 2006; 354: 1889-1900

Acid-base – a historical perspective
Author: Story D. Bench-to-bedside review: A brief history of clinical acid-base. Crit Care 2004; 8: 253-58

Acid-base – a historical perspective
Author: Story D. Bench-to-bedside review: A brief history of clinical acid-base. Crit Care 2004; 8: 253-58

What’s the best way of monitoring blood glucose in intensive care units?
Authors: Chakravarthy S, Markewitz B, Lehman C, Orme J. Accuracy of glucose measurement in critically ill patients in shock. Chest 2005 128(4): 2205

Severe metabolic acidosis - an unusual case history
Authors: Peddy S, Rigby M, Shaffner D. Acute cyanide poisoning. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006; 7: 79-82

Deficiencies in medical care of hyponatremic patients identified
Authors: Huda M, Boyd A, Skagen K et al. Investigation and management of severe hyponatraemia in a hospital setting. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82: 216-19

Carboxyhemoglobin reference range
Authors: Van Sickle D, Chertow D. Inappropriate reference intervals for carboxyhemoglobin at some Florida hospitals. Clin Chem 2006; 52(2): 338

Can the anion gap be used to identify patients with lactic acidosis?
Authors: Adams B, Bonzani T, Hunter C. The anion gap does not accurately screen for lactic acidosis in emergency department patients. Emerg Med J 2006; 23:179-82

Blood gases on Mount Everest
Authors: Catron TF, Powell FL, West JB. A strategy for determining blood gases on the summit of Mt. Everest. BMC Physiology 2006; 6: 3

A record-breaking serum potassium concentration
Tran H. Extreme hyperkalemia. South Med J 2005; 98: 729-32

Alcohol hand rubs – safety concerns
Lam H, Chan M, Ng P et al. Are your hands clean enough for point-of-care electrolyte analysis? Pathology 2005; 37: 299-04. Roberts H, Self R, Coxon M. An unusual complication of hand hygiene. Anaesthesia 2005; 60: 100-01. Meyer P, Baudel J-L, Maury E et al. A surprising side effect of hand antisepsis. Intensive Care Medicine 2005; 31: 1600.

Falsely low pO2(a) – a case study of spurious hypoxemia
Lele A, Mirski M, Stevens R. Spurious hypoxemia. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 1854-56

More accurate capillary pO2(a) measurement
Wimpress S, Vara DD, Brightling CE. Improving the sampling technique of arterialized capillary samples to obtain more accurate PaO2 measurements. Chron Respir Dis 2005; 2: 47-50

A landmark diabetic study
DCCT research group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-66.

A new tool to combat severe hemorrhage
Boffard K, Riou B, Wareen B et al. Recombinant Factor VIIa as adjunctive therapy for bleeding control in severely injured trauma patients: two parallel randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials. J Trauma 2005; 59: 8-18.

Acute renal failure – still a killer disease
Ympa YP, Sakr Y, Reinhart K, Vincent J-L. Has mortality from acute renal failure decreased? A systematic review of the literature. Amer J Med 2005; 118: 827-32.

An adverse effect of transfusion
Brander L, Reil A, Bux J et al. Severe transfusion-related lung injury. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 499-501.

Can serum bicarbonate be used as a substitute for base excess?
Martin MJ, Fitzsullivan E, Salim A et al. Use of serum bicarbonate measurement in place of arterial base deficit in the surgical intensive care unit. Arch Surg 2005; 140: 745-51.

Back to school
O’Sullivan I, Jeavons R. Survey of blood gas interpretation. Emerg Med J 2005; 22: 391-92.

Benign anesthetists
Sado D, Deakin C. Local anaesthesia for venous cannulation and arterial blood gas sampling: are doctors using it? J Roy Soc Med 2005; 98: 158-60. Editorial Author: Yentis SM. Taking the sting out of needles. J Roy Soc Med 2005; 98: 139-40.

Blood gases and pulmonary embolus
Maloba M, Hogg K. Diagnostic utility of arterial blood gases for investigation of pulmonary embolus. Emerg Med J 2005; 22: 435-36.

Population study of ctHb: challenging WHO definition of anemia
Skjelbakken T, Langbakk B, Dahl I, Løchen M-L. Haemoglobin and anaemia in a gender perspective: The Tromso Study. European Journal of Haematology 2005; 74: 381-88.

The perils of flying
Humphreys S, Deyermond R, Bali I, Stevenson M, Fee J. The effect of high altitude commercial air travel on oxygen saturation. Anaesthesia 2005; 60: 458-60.

Challenging transfusion policy
McClelland D, Contreras M. Effectiveness and safety of blood transfusion: have we lost the plot? J Roy Coll Physicians Edin 2005; 35: 2-4.

Choice of blood sample for blood gas analysis
Kelly AM, McAlpine R, Kyle E. Agreement between bicarbonate on arterial and venous blood gases. Emerg Med Australas 2004; 16: 407-09.

Diagnosing ketoacidosis
Taboulet P, Hass L, Porcher R et al. Urinary acetoacetate or capillary β-hydroxybutyrate for the diagnosis of ketoacids in the emergency department setting. Eur J Emerg Med 2004; 11: 251-58.

Extreme neonatal jaundice
Ebbesen F, Andersson C, Verder H et al. Acta Paediatrica 2005; 94: 59-64.

Permissive hypercapnia
O’Croinin D, Chonghaile M, Higgins B, Laffey JG. Bench-to-bedside review: permissive hypercapnia. Critical Care 2005; 9: 51-59.

Point-of-care testing reduces transfusion in neonates
Madan A, Kumar R, Adams M, Benitz W, Geaghan S, Widness J. Reduction in red blood cell transfusion using a bedside analyser in extremely low birth weight infants. J Perinatology 2005; 25; 1: 21-25.

Respiratory failure in severe trauma
Daniel SR, Morita SY, Yu M, Dzierba R. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis: an unrecognised risk factor for subsequent intubation requirement. J Trauma 2004; 57: 993-97.

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